World's Richest Men (Top 10) 2010

         World's Richest Man 

Carlos Slim Helú  (born January 28, 1940 in Mexico City) is Latin America's richest man ( # 1 in the World) according to Forbes. His wealth comes from his businesses in the communications industry, Teléfonos de México, Altria Group (Previously Philip Morris, Director), Telcel and América Móvil telecommunication companies. Though he maintains an active involvement in his companies, his three sons Carlos, Marco Antonio and Patrick Slim Domit head them.

 

 

 

Fortune           Business                  Country      Status
53.5 Billion     Communications       Mexico      Widowed, 6 children

    His father was Julián Slim Haddad

(Yusef Salim Haddad), a Lebanese Maronite Christian, who as a teenager fled to Mexico in 1902, escaping the harsh military rule of the Ottoman Turks. His father and two of his older brothers arrived at the Mexican port of Tampico, making their way to Mexico City.

  

In 1911, Julian established a dry goods store called La Estrella del Oriente and took a gamble and bought up some prime real estate in the city core - a shrewd move, as it turned out.

Slim Haddad married Linda Helu, daughter of another prosperous Lebanese merchant, and had six children. Carlos Slim Helu was the fifth of the six children. Carlos credits his father as his mentor in business, retailing and finance. Julian Slim Haddad died in 1952, leaving his family a moderately prosperous economic base from which Carlos launched his successful financial career

World's # 2 Richest Man 

 William Henry "Bill" Gates III  (born October 28, 1955) is the co-founder, chairman, and chief software architect of Microsoft Corporation, the world's largest computer software company. According to Forbes magazine, Gates is the world's wealthiest person, with a net worth of approximately US$58 billion, as of 2008.Gates is one of the best-known entre-preneurs of the personal computer revolution and has become an iconic figure of late-20th century capitalism. While widely respected for his intelligence, foresight, and ambition, he is also sometimes accused of using ruthless, illegal or monopolistic business practices.Fortune

 

 

Fortune           Business         Country                Status
$ 53 Billion     Microsoft        U.S.A                   Married 3 Children

Since amassing his fortune, Gates has pursued a number of philanthropic endeavours, donating huge amounts of money to various charitable organizations and scientific research programs through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, founded in 2000. He, along with his wife Melinda Gates and U2's lead singer Bono, were named by Time as the 2005 Persons of the Year. That same year he was given the honour of Knight Commander of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth


World's # 3 Richest Man 

Warren Edward Buffett (born August 30, 1930) is a wealthy American investor and businessman. Nicknamed the "Oracle of Omaha", Buffett has amassed an enormous fortune from astute investments, particularly through his company Berkshire Hathaway, in which he holds a greater than 31% stake. With an estimated current net worth of $62 billion, he is ranked by Forbes as the richest person in the world, replacing Microsoft chairman Bill Gates from his top spot after 13 years

 

Fortune           Business           Country        Status

$47 Billion      Investments       U.S.A         Widowed,

                                                                     Remarried,3children

After receiving the only A+ Benjamin Graham ever handed out to his security analysis class, Buffett wanted to work at Graham-Newman but was turned down. He went to work at his father's brokerage as a salesman. A stock he pushed was GEICO. 

Buffett picked GEICO after noticing Graham was a director and had a large position in it. Never one to buy a stock on a whim, Buffett visited GEICO's head office on a weekend to investigate further.

He knocked until someone opened the door, he was led to the future president of GEICO. Buffett introduced himself as Graham's student and was given a crash course on the insurance business and what gave GEICO an enduring advantage over their competitors. Buffett was exposed to the economics of selling direct, the wonderful float GEICO produces, its low combined ratio and the likes. 




World's # 4 Richest Man

Mukesh Ambani is the chairman, managing director and the largest shareholder of Reliance Industries, India's largest private sector company and a Fortune 500 Company. His personal stake in Reliance Industries is 48%. His wealth is US$ 43 billion as of March 2007, making him the world's 5th richest person and the second richest person in India. Mukesh and younger brother Anil are sons of the late founder of Reliance Industries, Dhirubhai Ambani.

 

Fortune           Business                Country            Status

$29 Billion      Manufacturing       India                 Married . 3 Children

Mukesh holds a Bachelor of Chemical Engineering from the University of Mumbai Department of Chemical Technology (UDCT), which is now known as University of Mumbai, Institute of Chemical Technology (UICT). He began the MBA program at Stanford Business School, but failed to finish. He dropped out after his first year in order assist in father's ongoing efforts to build the Patalganga petrochemical plant..
Mukesh Ambani has set up the largest and most complex information and communications technology initiative in the world in the form of Reliance Infocomm Limited. Covering more than 1,100 towns and cities across India, Reliance Infocomm offers the full range of voice, data, video and value added services, on the strength of 80,000 kilometers of optic fibre-based terabit infrastructure, at the lowest entry cost and services cost anywhere in the world. However, Reliance Infocom now is under ADAG (Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group) post the brothers' split

World's # 5 Richest Man

 Lakshmi Narayan Mittal (also known as Lakshmi Niwas Mittal) is a billionaire industrialist, born on 15 June 1950 in Sadulpur, in Churu district of Rajasthan, India, and currently residing in Kensington Palace Gardens, London, UK. He is currently the 5th richest man in the world according to Forbes Rich List, with a worth of $28.7 billion, and is the richest person in Britain. Lakshmi Mittal is also the richest man in the world who does not reside in the U.S. or carry U.S. Citizenship. He is a Citizen of India.

Fortune               Business                       Country             Status

$28.7 Billion      Steel manufacturing       India                 Married . 2 Children

He is chairman and CEO of the Mittal Steel Company NV, which is the world's largest producer of steel. He was the Fortune European Businessman of the Year for 2004. In 2002 he was embroiled in a political scandal dubbed Mittalgate  with British Prime Minister Tony Blair when it was felt that a donation Mittal had made to the United Kingdom Labour Party had led to Blair's intervention (a letter to the Romanian prime minister) in a business deal favouring Mittal. On July 13, 2005 it was announced that he had donated £2 million to the Labour Party. 

He is the wealthiest person in Britain according to the Sunday Times Rich List 2005. His residence in Kensington, bought in 2003 for £70 million ($128 million) from Formula One car racing boss Bernie Ecclestone, is the most expensive house ever purchased. It is situated in an area known as Billionaire's Row, which is too exclusive for just millionaires. Many people know this residence as the "Taj Mittal". He paid over $60 million to host his daughter's wedding celebration in Versailles in 2004. It is now the most expensive wedding in the world

World's # 6 Richest Man

Lawrence Joseph Ellison (born August 17, 1944) is the co-founder and CEO of Oracle Corporation, a major database software firm. Ellison was born in New York City to Florence Spellman, a 19-year-old unwed mother who later placed her nine-month old son for adoption to her distant relatives. Lillian and Louis Ellison took him into their home, a two-bedroom apartment located in a modest lower middle class Jewish neighborhood in South Chicago.

 

 

 

Fortune           Business           Country             Status

$28Billion      Software             U.S.A               Married . 2 Children

Ellison recalled to an interviewer that he had a warm and loving mother opposite to an austere and unsupportive father. At South Shore High School, he was a bright but inattentive student. At 15, he began a long-term relationship that lasted for five years and ended sorely - depending on whom is asked, he unsuccessfully proposed marriage either once or twice. He lasted until the end of his sophomore year at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign but dropped out following Lillian's death. After a summer in Northen California, he returned home to study at the University of Chicago but left after one quarter. Ending his attempts to finish college, he set out for California

In 1990, Oracle laid off 10 percent of the work force because of the mismatch between cash and revenues. The crisis which almost caused Oracle's bankruptcy came about because of the tactics used by Oracle's sales force. The salespeople subscribed to an 'up-front' sales strategy, in which they tried to incent customers to buy the biggest amounts of software all at once. However, the customers were delivered software that didn't work and promised "vapor ware" that didn't exist. Oracle had to restate earnings twice due to these tactics and the company would later settle class-action lawsuits that had been filed because of its flawed financial statements. Larry
Ellison would later say his company made "an incredible business mistake.

 World's # 7 Richest Man

Bernard Arnault (born 5 March 1949) is a French businessman.

He is the 7th richest person in the world in March 2010 with a net worth of $27.5 billion US dollars, according to Forbes.

A native of Roubaix, Arnault owns 51% of LVMH (Louis Vuitton Moët Hennessy), which is also partly owned by Christian Dior. Arnault is the Chairman and CEO of both companies. He also owns Phillips, de Pury & Luxembourg, an art auction house.

Fortune                Business         Country          Status
$27.5 Billions       Varied            France            Married 5 Children

As of March 2007, Arnault owns a 47.5% majority[2] of LVMH (Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton), along with Christian Dior SA. Arnault is the Chairman and CEO of both companies.

His daughter Delphine Arnault is actively involved in the management of LVMH.

Arnault also owned the art auction house Phillips de Pury & Company from 1999 to 2003

World's # 8 Richest Man

Eike Batista (born 1957 in Brazil) is the son of the former Brazilian mining minister. He has vowed to become the world's richest man and may well become just that having added $19.5 billion to his wealth in a single year!

He began his assault on dominating the world's rich list by trading in gold and mining before moving on to resources and other services.

Fortune                Business         Country          Status
$27. Billions       Mining/Oli        Brazil            Divorced 2 Children

     

Two-thirds of his fortune comes from relatively new source, OGX, the oil-and-gas exploration company he founded in 2007 and took public a year later.

H was a onetime champion offshore powerboat racer and was formerly married to a former Playboy cover girl, Luma de Oliveira.

Batista provided significant financing to Rio de Janeiro's Olympic committee, thereby helping the city win its bid for 2016 Olympic Games.

World's # 9 Richest Man

Karl Hans Albrecht (born 1920 in Essen, Germany) is a German entrepreneur who founded the discount supermarket chain Aldi with his brother Theo.

His 6,500-store Aldi chain began as a single grocery in the Ruhr Valley run until the end of WWII by their mother. The formula: Customers would rather scuttle fancy decor and services in exchange for lower prices. 

Fortune                Business         Country          Status

$27. Billions         Retailing         Germany       Married,2 Children

Despite a flagging retail sector, Aldi's total sales in 2002 reached $49 billion - still just a fifth the size of Wal-Mart's sales. The arrangement had Karl manage the southern, more profitable half of Germany, while younger Theo minded the north. Karl has since retired, leaving the company in the hands of nonfamily members. (His two children do not work at Aldi.) Both brothers fiercely guard their privacy, though now and again information emerges. Word is Karl raises orchids and enjoys a round of golf on his own 27-hole course.

He served in the German Army during World War II.

World's # 10 Richest Man

 

Amancio Ortega Gaona (born March 28, 1936, Spain) is a fashion entrepreneur, Spain's richest man and in 2010 the 9th richest man in the world (Forbes) and the founder, with his then-wife Rosalia Mera, and chairman of the Inditex Group. He currently lives with his second wife in a discreet apartment building in the centre of A Coruña (Corunna).

Ortega arrived at La Coruña, Galicia, at age 14, due to the job of his father, railway worker.

Starting as a gofer in various shirt stores in A Coruña, Galicia, in 1963 he founded Confecciones Goa (his initials in reverse), which made bathrobes.

Fortune                Business         Country          Status

$25. Billions         Apparel           Spain             Married,3 Children

In 1975 he opened the first store in what would grow into the enormously popular chain of fashion stores called Zara. He is the majority shareholder of the Inditex group (Industrias de Diseño Textil Sociedad Anónima) which includes the brands Zara, Massimo Dutti, Oysho, Zara Home, Kiddy's Class, Tempe, Stradivarius, Pull and Bear/Often and Bershka and has more than 14,000 employees.

Ortega keeps a very low profile and there are practically no photographs of him (except from one photo published at the Inditex website). He refuses to wear a tie, and likes to dress in blue jeans. He is said to take a very active part in the production and design process in the company.

 

Pakistan's Top 10 Richest Person

1 - Mian Muhammad Mansha Yaha Pakistan

Ranking: 1, Worth: £1.25b ($2.5billion), Industry: Businessman

 2 - Asif Ali Zardari Pakistan

Ranking: 2, Worth: £900m ($1.8billion), Industry: Politics

3 - Sir Anwar Pervaiz UK

Ranking: 3, Worth: £750m ($1.5billion), Industry: Businessman

4- Nawaz Sharif & Shahbaz Sharif family Saudi Arabia/Pakistan

Ranking: 4, Worth: £700m ($1.4billion), Industry: Politics/Businessman

5 - Saddaruddin Hashwani Pakistan

Ranking: 5, Worth: £550m ($1.1billion), Industry: Businessman

6 - Nasir Schon & family U.A.E/Pakistan

Ranking: 6, (tied at 6) Worth: £500m ($1billion), Industry: Businessman

7 - Abdul Razzaq Yakoub & family U.A.E

Ranking: 6 (tied at 6), Worth: £500m ($1billion), Industry: Businessman

8 - Rafiq Habib & Rasheed Habib Pakistan

Ranking: 7, Worth: £450m ($900), Industry: Businessman

9 - Tariq Saigol & Nasim Saigol Pakistan

Ranking: 8, Worth: £425m ($850), Industry: Businessman

10 - Dewan Yousaf Farooqui Pakistan 

Ranking: 9 (tied at 9), Worth: £400m ($800), Industry: Businessma

History of India and Pakistan Relation..

History of India and Pakistan Relation..

Born out from the furnace of animosity, India and Pakistan, the twin brothers have a history of unique relations. There is much in common between Republic of India and Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The diplomatic relations developed soon after independence but these relations did not ensure good friendship. The blaming process started soon after the inception of Pakistan when during the world’s biggest mass migration both states were unable to provide security to minorities. At that time there were 680 princely states and their future was to be decided according to their own will. Junagadh and Kashmir are two of these states which are still a bone of contention between India and Pakistan. Junagadh was composed of 88% Hindu Majority with a Muslim ruler named Nawab Mahabat Khan. The ruler voted for Pakistan but India did not accept it on the plea of heavy Hindu majority. The other reason projected by India was that the state of Junagadh was encircled by Indian state and giving it to Pakistan would contradict the two nation theory. The stand of Pakistan was on the basis of the Muslim ruler and the maritime link of Pakistan with junagadh coastal line.
One the other hand, the ruler of Kashmir, Hair Singh, wanted to join India but the majority of Muslim population was in the favour of Pakistan. Maharaja Hair Singh made a “stand still agreement” with the Government of Pakistan. However, the rumoures spread in Pakistan that Mahraja Hari Singh was going to accede with India. The forces of Pakistan invaded in Kashmir in 1947 and Hari Singh asked India for help. Indian Armed forces violating the provision of their constitution entered into the jurisdiction of Kashmir. In 1957, Pakistan acquired Azad Kashmir and India captured state of Jammu and Kashmir. Both of these parts are being held by the same countries which occupied these states forcefully

See Latest Bollywood News
All About Pakistan
Know about Life ExperienceIn 1965 India launched operation Meghdoot and captured 80% of Siachen Glacier. 1971 was a black year in the history of Pakistan as she lost its eastern wing as India intervened to favour Bengali people and seized the Qasim part. 90, 000 Pakistani soliders surrendered in Bangladesh. In July 1972 P.M India Gandhi and PM Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto met in Indian Hill station of Simla and signed an agreement to return 90, 000 Pak personnel, and that India would get its captured territory in the west. They also agreed that from then on, they would settle their disputes through peaceful bilateral negotiations. Eventually, the trade relation restarted in 1976 but the Afghan crisis of 1979 again disrupted the peaceful process started in 1976.
Pakistan supported Taliban and India favoured Soviet Union. India was also worried about US military aid to Pakistan, Pakistan’s purchase of arms from us and the advancement in her nuclear programme. The change in leadership brought a new era of relation between the two rivals. In Dec 1988 Benazir Bhutto Shaheed and Rajiv Gandhi resumed talks on different issues melding cultured exchange, civil aviation and not to attack each other nuclear facilities. At that time BB said.

    “Burry the Hatchet; we have had enough of it. Let’s start a new chapter. India has a new generation leadership. Rajiv & I belong to a new generation. We have some kinship. He father was assassinated and so was my father. He lost his brother and so have I we both can start from clean state.”

In 1997, high level talks were resumed after 3 years. Prime Minister of India and Pakistan met twice and foreign secretaries conducted 3 rounds of talks in which they identified 8 outstanding issues to focuss. These 8 issues were

   * Kashmir issue
   * Water crisis
   * Sir creek issue
   * Rann of kutch
   * MFN status
   * Siachen issue
   * State sponsored issue
   * Nuclear Deterrence

In September 1997 the talks broke down on structural issue where as in May 1998 the situation became harder because of nuclear experiment conducted by Pakistan. The environment further became deplorable when Indian Air lines Flight IC 814 was hijacked in 24 Dec 1999. The plan landed in Lahore for refuelling but the final destination was Kandhar, Afghanistan. Rivalry increased when attack was conducted on Indian parliament on Dec 2001. India blamed Jash-e-Mohammad for that act. The Samjhota express carnage of 18th February 2007 added fuel to fire. The series of blaming each other started again where as Pakistan tried to project cordial relations.

In Nov, 2008, a series of ten co-ordinated attacks were committed by terrorist which began across Mumbai which is the Indian financial capital and the largest city. The attack was started on 26 November 2008 and ended on 29 November 2008. In these attacks 173 people were killed including 35 foreigner where as 38 were wounded. India blamed Lashkar-e-Taiba  and gave evidences that weapon, candy wrappers, telephone sets and branded milk Packets used by the terrorists belonged to Pakistan. But it was also found that the terrorist were drunk as the Lashkar-e-Taiba elements did not drink, and were speaking Hyderabadi language. Additionally, Hermant Kurkure was the first man to be murdered in that attack. He was the man who was on the hit list of Indian Dons because he arrested General Parohit, who was the master mind of Samjhota Carnage. Another reason was that Obama Discussed to solve Kashmir issue to bring stability in the South Asian region. This attack was done to divert his attention. The lok sbha election could not be ignored as the current government needed the Pakistan card to flame the sentiments of Indian masses.
In spite of this deteriorated situation Pakistan did not give up to create friendly atmosphere. Currently, the government of India is not that much brutal. Recently Indian minister of state for external affairs said they were not worried about Pakistan purchasing of armaments but if these weapons will be used against India, they were ready to fight. In addition, Pakistan nukes were unsafe.
Bit recently the statement of Indian Army Chief Gen Deepak Kapoor regarding his army’s capacity to fight on two fronts, upset a lots of people in Pakistan. This also shows that there is a conflict of interest between Indian army and Indian Government.
India and Pakistan must work jointly to coeate a peaceful atmosphere. Sharing a long border with common geographic importance can increase to their worth if the joint venture is adopted

Pakistan-India Standoff (2001-2002)

The 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff was a military standoff  between India and Pakistan that resulted in the amassing of troops on either side of the International Border  (IB) and along the Line of Control (LoC) in the region of Kashmir. This was the second major military standoff between India and Pakistan following the successful detonation of nuclear devices by both countries in 1998 and the most recent standoff between the nuclear rivals. The other had been the Kargil War.

Offensive military build up was initiated by India in response to a militant attack on the Indian Parliament on December 13, 2001 during which fourteen people, including the five men who attacked the building, were killed. India claimed that the attacks were carried out by two Pakistan based militant groups fighting Indian rule in Kashmir, Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM), both of whom, were backed by Pakistan's Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) agency,[3]  a charge Pakistan denied. In the Western media, coverage of the standoff focused on the possibility of a nuclear war between the two countries and the implications of the potential conflict on the United States-led War on Terrorism. Tensions de-escalated following international diplomatic mediation which resulted in the October 2002 withdrawal of Indian[4]  and Pakistani troops[5]  from the International Border.

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Pakistan Int'l Airlines

Pakistan International Airlines Corporation, commonly known as PIA  (Urdu: پی آئی اے or پاکستان انٹرنیشنل ایرلاینز), is the flag carrier airline of Pakistan.[2]  The airline, with its head office on the grounds of Jinnah International Airport in Karachi,[3]  is the 31st largest airline in Asia, operating scheduled services to 23 domestic destinations and 36 international destinations in 25 countries across Asia, Europe and North America.[4]  Its main bases are Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad/Rawalpindi.

The airline's secondary bases include Peshawar, Faisalabad, Quetta, Sialkot and Multan, from which it connects the metropolitan cities with the main bases, the Middle East and the Far East. The airline is owned by the Government of Pakistan (87%) and other shareholders (13%). It employed 18,043 people as of May 2008.

Highest Mountain Ranges: Concordia & Baltoro Glacier

Concordia is the ampitheatre where two mighty glaciers, the Godwin Austin and the upper Baltoro join to form the main Baltoro glacier, (known as the longest glacier in the world)which then plunges down the wildest canyon in the world.

Concordia is surrounded by high peaks on all sides – the monarch of them all is of course K2. Other peaks in the area that to have a close look at, are Masherbrum – unique with its yellow golden head; Gasherbrum I, Gasherbrum IV, Broad peak and the Trango Towers. From the throne room one can go towards the Lord of the throne room – the K2! Unlike Nanga Parbat that stands alone, K2 – the grand monarch- stands guarded by other lofty peaks. Pyramid-like, K2 stands at 28,741 ft. The only local name for K2 is Chogori, which means ‘Great Mountain’.

Mountain Ranges of Pakistan

Pakistan is home to many mountains above 7,000 metres (22,970 ft). Five of the fourteen eight-thousanders (peaks above 8,000 m) are in Pakistan, four of which are in Karakoram near Concordia.

Most of the high peaks in Pakistan are in Karakoram range, the highest of which is K2 (8,611 m), the second highest peak on earth. The highest peak of Himalayan range in Pakistan is Nanga Parbat (8,126 m), which is the ninth highest peak of the world.

Following are the mountain ranges that are fully or partially included in Pakistan

    * Karakoram  range, highest peak is K2 (8,611 m or 28,244 feet).
    * Himalaya range, highest peak in Pakistan is Nanga Parbat (8,126 m or 26,653 feet).
    * Hindu Kush range, highest peak is Tirich Mir (7,690 metres or 25,230 feet).
    * Pamir Mountains, junction of the Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, and Hindu Kush ranges.
    * Hindu Raj Hindu Raj is a mountain range in northern Pakistan, between the Hindu Kush and the Karakoram ranges.
    * Sulaiman Mountains range, highest peak is Takht-e-Sulaiman (3,487 m or 11,437 feet).
    * Spin Ghar Mountains range, highest peak is Mount Sikaram (4,761 m or 15,620 feet)
    * Salt Range, highest peak is Sakaser (1,522 m or 4,946 feet), a hill system in the Punjab Province, abundant in salt
    * Toba Kakar Range, southern offshoot of the Himalayas in the Balochistan

    * Makran range, semi-desert coastal strip in the south of Balochistan, in Iran and Pakistan, along the coast of the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. The narrow coastal plain rises very rapidly into several mountain ranges. Of the 1,000 km coastline, about 750 km is in Pakistan

    * Kirthar Range, is located in the Balochistan and Sindh provinces of Pakistan. It extends from north, southward for about 300 kilometres (186 mi) from the Mula River in east-central Balochistan to Cape Muari (Cape Monze) west of Karachi on the Arabian Sea.

The upcoming Hill Station of Sindh at Gorakh, in Kirthar Mountains Range, off Dadu, at the height of 5688 feet, averaging 5500 feet, is one of the two large plateaus in the Sindh segment of Kirthar mountains.

The other Plateau, is Dharioari, with an average elevation of 6200 feet, situated a few miles north-west of Kuttay ji Qabr, 6800 feet high, and not, 7130+ feet high, as reported in some parts of the press. It is advisable to distinguish the Correct, from the incorrectly reported height.

Kuttay ji Qabr, has traditionally been considered the highest mountain Elevation/Peak of Sindh, mainly because no[True Survey of mountain elevations, were either carried out, or were possible in the past, for reasons, best known to the Survey Department.

The highest elevation in Kirthar Range and hence, Sindh, is therefore, the 7056 feet high Peak, it has been named KOH BENAZIR, by its discoverer, Syed Hasan Shahid Bukhari.

Koh Benazir, is the highest mountain elevation of Sindh, in fact, a bit higher in elevation, than the Murree Hill Station. Koh Benazir is situated a few miles north of Gorakh Hill Station. These mountain peaks and plateaus in the Kirthar Mountains, are, where it snows in Sindh during winter.

Thus, Kuttay ji Qabr is now, the second highest mountain Peak/elevation in Kirthar Range, followed by half a dozen other peaks and elevations, ranging between 5500 to 6800 feet high.

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Pakistani Cuisine(bawarchi khany ka intzaam

The Cuisine of Pakistan (Urdu: پاک پکوان) can be described as a refined blend of various cuisines. Pakistani cuisine is known for its richness and flavour.[1]

Within Pakistan, cuisine varies greatly from region to region, reflecting the country's ethnic and cultural diversity. The cuisine in Eastern Pakistan, particularly Sindh can be very hot and spicy characterizing the South Asian flavour. Food in Western Pakistan (and to considerable extent Punjab) particularly Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan, Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir involves the use of mild aromatic spices and less oil is used]. The main course is served with wheat bread (naan) or rice. Salad is generally taken with the main course rather than before. Assorted fresh fruit or desserts are consumed for dessert.[2] However, meat plays a more dominant role in Pakistani food, compared to other South Asian cuisines. According to a 2003 report, an average Pakistani consumed three times more meat than an average Indian. [3] Of all the meats, the most popular are beef, goat, lamb and chicken. Seafood is generally not consumed in large amounts, though it is[4] very popular in the coastal areas of Sindh and the Makran coast of Balochistan.

International cuisine and fast food are popular in cities. Blending local and foreign recipes (fusion food) is common in large urban centres. Furthermore, as a result of lifestyle changes, ready made Masalas (mixed and ready to use spices) are becoming increasingly popular. However, given the diversity of the people of Pakistan, cuisines generally differ from home to home and may be totally different than the mainstream Pakistani cuisine.

Woman Suffrage

During the 19th and 20th centuries, the battle for women's vote has followed the development of democracies in which public power depended on the outcome of voting. The struggle in the United States was not the only suffrage campaign, but the American and British woman suffrage campaigns are the best-known and were influential in winning the vote elsewhere.

List of Hospitals in Pakistan

Islamabad Capital Territory Public institutions
------------------------------------------------------------
Dar-ul-Shifa Hospital, Islamabad
Federal Government Services Hospital, Islamabad
Glora Welfare Hospital (Ghosia-Mahria Trust), Islamabad
Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad
PAEC Hospital, Islamabad
Nescom Hospital, Islamabad
KRL Hospital, Islamabad
{Aslam Memorial Medicare Hospital (ISLAMABAD)
National Institute of Health, Islamabad


Islamabad Capital TerritoryPrivate institutions
-------------------------------------------------------------
Islamic International Medical Complex, Islamabad
Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad
Ali Hospital F-8, Islamabad



Azad Kashmir
------------------------
Riaz Hospital, Mirpur
Jinnah Hospital, Mirpur

Balochistan Public institutions
-----------------------------------------
Akram Hospital, Quetta
Children Hospital Quetta, Quetta
Sardar Bahadur Khan TB Sanatorium, Quetta


FATA
---------------
DHQ Hospital - FATA




NWFP Public institutions
----------------------------------
Lady Reading Hospital
Khyber Teaching Hospital
Hayatabad Medical Complex
Ayub Medical Complex
Mardan Medical Complex
Saidu Group Hospitals, Swat
Tank Christian Hospital, Tank, Dera Ismail Khan


NWFP Private institutions
------------------------------------
Al-Khidmat Hospital, Peshawar
Naseer Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. Gandhara University
Al Ishaq Hospital, Abbottabad
Gulshanara Maternity Clinic, Kohat
Health Care Centre, Peshawar
Captain Ali Children Hospital, Saidu Sharif, Swat
Hira General Hospital, Abbottabad
Khattak Medical Centre And Hospital, Peshawar
Mardan Surgical Hospital, Mardan
Medicare Hospital And Maternity Home, Kohat
Orthopedics & Surgical Hosp, Peshawar
Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar[2]
Rang Mahal Welfare Hospital & Education Center, Swat
salim Medical centre Dherai swat


Northern Areas
--------------------------
Dherai Welfare centre


Punjab Public institutions(government owned and operated)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Children's Hospital, Lahore
Data Darbar Hospital, Lahore
District Headquarters Hospital, Rawalpindi
Lahore General Hospital, Lahore
Gulaab Devi Hospital, Lahore
Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi
HOPE Rehabilitation Center for disabled, Lahore
Jinnah Hospital, Lahore
Lady Aitchison Hospital, Lahore
Lady Willingdon Hospital, Lahore
Mayo Hospital, Lahore
Nisthar Hospital, Multan
Punjab Institute of Cardiology(PICS), Lahore
Psychiatric hospital, Lahore
Railway Cairns Hospital, Lahore
Rawalpindi General Hospital, Rawalpindi
Services Hospital, Lahore
Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore
Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore
D.H.Q HOSPITAL, MUZAFFAR GARH


Punjab Private institutions(privately owned and operated)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nanotech Neurology Center, 56-e WAPDA TOWN Lahore
Malik Surgical Hospital & Shazia Maternity Home, Lahore
Bakhtawar Amin Memorial Trust Hospital, Multan
Muazzam Shaheed Welfare Hospital, Jhelum
Mumtaz Bakhtawar Memorial Trust Hospital,Wahdat road, Lahore
National Hospital, Lahore
Ihsan Mumtaz Hospital,Shaukat Ali Road, Jahor Town Lahore
Iqraa Medical Complex, Lahore
Ittefaq Hospital (Trust), Lahore
Jaanki Devi Hospital, Lahore
Shalimar Hospital, Lahore
Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre, Lahore
Margalla Welfare Hospital, Rawalpindi
Hearts International Hospital, Rawalpindi
Masood Hospital,Gardentown, Lahore
Memorial Christian Hospital, Paris Road, Sialkot
[[{Heart and city ScanHospital]] Thokkar Niaz Baig Road
Surgimed Hospital, Zafar Ali Road, Lahore
United Christian Hospital, Lahore
Umer Hospital, Wah
Gulberg Hospital, Lahore
Doctor's Hospital, Lahore
Family Hospital, Lahore
Fatima Memorial, Lahore
Aadil Hospital, Lahore
Ali Hospital, Lahore
Ammar Medical Complex, Lahore
Cardex Clinic Jail Road, Lahore
Masood Children's Clinic, Lahore
Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi
Aziz Bhatti Hospital, Gujrat
Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur
Fatima Medical Centre, Multan
Fazal Hospital, Jhelum
Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi
Fauji Foundation Hospital, Lahore
Hameed Latif Hospital, Lahore
Healers Centre (Pvt.) Ltd., Rawalpindi
Maryam Memorial Hospital, Rawalpindi
Medicare Hospital , Multan
Mian Muhammad Trust Hospital, Faisalabad
National Hospital, Faisalabad
Rasheed Hospital , Lahore
Razzaq Hospital, Lahore
Saahil Hospital, Faisalabad
Sadiq Hospital, Sargodha
Salamat Hospital, Gujranwala
Sharif Meidcal City Hospital, Lahore
Valley Clinic (Pvt) Limited, Rawalpindi
WAPDA hosital, Lahore
Mubarik Nursing Home,Rawalpindi
Mekki Hospital,Faisalabad
Bait-ul-Shifa Trust, Township, Lahore
faisal hospital,khanewal road, multan
ali general hospital,khanewal road, multan
khan surgecal center,ali pur road, MUZAFFAR GARH

Sindh Public institutions
-----------------------------------
Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi
Civil Hospital, Karachi
Civil Hospital, Sukkur
Civil Hospital - Burns Centre, Karachi
Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre Karachi
Karachi Institute of Heart Diseases, Karachi
Kunri Christian Hospital, Umarkot
Lady Dufferin Hospital, Karachi
Leprosy Hospital, Karachi
Liaqat University of Health Sciences, Hyderabad
Lyari General Hospital, Karachi
National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi
National Institute of Child Health, Karachi
PNS Shifa, Karachi
Police Hospital, Karachi
Sindh Government Qatar Hospital, Karachi
Sindh Government Hospital New Karachi, Karachi
Sindh Institute of Skin Diseases, Karachi
Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi
Sindh Institute of Skin Diseases, Karachi
Sir Cowasjee Jehangir Institute of Psychiatry, Hyderabad
Sobhraj Maternity Home, Karachi
Spencer Eye Hospital, Karachi


Sindh Private institutions
-------------------------------------
ABM Hospital, Hyderabad
Aga Khan Hospital, Hyderabad
Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi
Bismillah Taqee Institute of Health Sciences & Blood Diseases Centre, Karachi
Bantwa Memon Hospital, Karachi
Burhani Hospital, Karachi
Children Cancer Hospital, Karachi
CityCare Hospital, Hyderabad
Dar-ul-Sehat Hospital, (Liaquat Medical & Dental College) Karachi
Hamdard University Hospital, Karachi
Health Care Hospital, Karachi
Hilal-e-Ahmar Hospital, Hyderabad
Holy Family Hospital, Karachi
Al-Ibrahim Eye Hospital, Karachi
Ibne-Sina (Avicenna) Hospital, Karachi
Imam Clinic and General Hospital, Karachi
Isra University Hospital, Hyderabad
Jinnah Medical College Hospital, Karachi
Karachi Adventist Hospital, Karachi
Kharadar General Hospital, Karachi
Kidney Centre Post Graduate Training Institute, Karachi
Kiran Hospital for Nuclear Medicine, Karachi
Kutiana Memon Hospital, Karachi
Layton Rahmatulla Benevolent Trust Eye Hospital, (LRBT) Karachi
Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi
Majee Hospital, Hyderabad
Marie Adelaide Leprosy Centre (MALC), Karachi
Al-Mehrab Tibbi Imdad, Karachi
Masoomeen Hospital, Karachi
MidEast Hospital, Karachi
Murshid Hospital and Health Care Center, Karachi
OMI Hospital, Karachi
Patel Hospital, Karachi
PIMS Hospital, Rawalpindi
Safee Hospital, Karachi
Shilokh Mission Hospital, Jalapur Jattan, Gujrat
South City Hospital, Karachi
Tabba Heart Institute, Karachi
Usman Memorial Hospital, Karachi
Wapda Hospital, Hyderabad
Zainab Punjwani Memorial Hospital, Karachi
Dr Ziauddin Hospital, Karachi

List of colleges/universities in Pakistan.

Abbottabad

Ayub Medical College
Frontier Medical College
Hazara University Dhodial, Mansehra

Bahawalpur

Quaid-e-Azam Medical College
The Islamia University Of Bahawalpur
The Islamia University Of Bahawalpur

Faisalabad

Punjab College of Commerce
Agriculture University
AL-KHAIR Textile Institute
Excellent College for Girls
Faisalabad College of Science & Commerce
Govt. College University
ITHM College
M.A. Jinnah Group of Colleges
National College of Textile Education
National Textile University
Pakistan College of Commerce
Punjab Medical College
Shiblee College of Commerce & Science
The City College of Commerce
University College for Women Faisalabad (UCF)
University of Faisalabad

Gujranwala

GIFT University
Govt. Islamia College
Govt. Islamia College, Gujranwala
University of The Punjab

Hyderabad

Liaquat Medical College

Islamabad

Air University
Allama Iqbal Open University
Bahria Institutes of Management & Com. Sci.
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sci. and Tech.
Foundation University
Institute of Science and Technology
International Islamic University
MIHS(Margalla Institute)
Mohammad Ali Jinnah University
National University of Comp. & Emerging Sci.
NUML
Pakistan Institute of Eng. & Applied Sci.
PIDE
Quaid-i-Azam University
Riphah International University

Jamshoro

Mehran University of Engineering & Technology

Jhang

Govt. College

Karachi

Aga Khan Medical College
Aga Khan university
Al-Khair University
Altamasha Institute of Dental Medicine
ANEES HUSSAIN
ANIS HASSAN School of Accoyntancy
Baqai Medical University
CAA Model School & College Jiap Karachi
CAM School of Law
Centre Of Finance Exellence
CPSP
Dow Medical College
Fatima Jinnha Dentel College
Hamdard University
Indus Institute of Higher Education
Institute of Business Administration
Institute of Business and Technology
Institute of Business Management
IOBM
Jinnah Medical and Dental College
Karachi Medical and Dental College
Karachi University
Khadim Ali Shah Bukhari Institute of Technology
NED University of Engineering & Technology
Newports Institute of Communication & Economics
Prestion Institute of management science & tech.
Progressive Public School
School of Business Studies ( SBS )
Sind Medical College
Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology
The College of Engineering PAF.
Usman Instituate IT
Ziauddin Medical Universit

Khuzdar

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Lahore

Aitchison College
Allama Iqbal Medical College
Allied College Of Textile Management & Administrat
Altus College
Aptech
Beaconhouse National University
CAPS
Centre of Financial Excellence
College Of Tourism & Multimedia Computing
COMSATS
CORVIT
Cosmin Education Services
Defence Degree College of Women
Edge Systems International
European University
FJMC
Forman Christian College University
Gates College
Global College
Government College For Women
Govt College Of Tecnology
Govt College University
Govt. Apwa College (Women) Lahore
Govt. College of Home Economics,
Govt. College of Science
Govt. Dyal Singh College
Govt. Fatima Jinnah College For Women
Govt. Islamia College
Govt. Islamia College For Women
Hailey College of Banking and Finance
Hailey College of Commerce
Hajvery University
IBA Grads
Imperial College of Business Studies
Institute Of Computer And Emerging Sciences
Institute Of Management Sciences (IMS Pakaims)
Institute Of Toursim & Hotal Management
Iqra University Lahore
ISA(Institute Of South Asia)
Islamia College Of Commerce
Jamia Ashrafia
King Edward Medical College
Kinnaird College for Women
KIPS College
Lahore College for Women University
Lahore Grammer College(Only For Girls)
Lahore Law College
Lahore Medical & Dental College Lahore
Lahore School Of Economics
Lahore School of Information Technology
Lahore University Of Management Sciences (LUMS)
Leads Group Of Colleges
lums
lums
Minhaj Colleges
National College of Arts (NCA)
National College of Business Admin. & Eco.(NCBA&E)
National Institute of Languages
National Textile College & Management Institute
National Textile College of Manag. Sci.
National University (FAST)
NETCOMM
Newports University
NK-FACT
OPSTEC
Oriental College Of Arts
Pakistan College Of Law
Pakistan Finance College
Pakistan Institute of Management
Peak Solution
Petroman Institute of Management Sciences
Premier College
Preston University
Preston University Of Pakistan
PUCIT
Punjab Inst. Of Medical Studies
Punjab University
Quaid-e-Azam College
Quaid-e-Azam College (QCIT)
Queen Mary College
Renaissance, The School
Resource Academia
Scholars College of Computer Science
SERVICES INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (SIMS)
Sharif Trust Institute Of Information Tecnology
Skills Institute of Information Technology
Sofia College Of Arts & Sci.
ST.Anthony College
Standered College
STEP
super
Superior
superior
superior
Superior College
superior info
The City (APIIT)
The Educators College
The Minhaj University
The University Of Lahore
UMT
Unique College
University Law College
University of Central Punjab
University of Education
University of Engineering and Technology (UET)
University of Management And Technology (UMT)
University of South Asia
Virtual University
West Minster College
Wise Girls College

Larkana

Chandka Medical College

Multan

Bahauddin Zakariya University
BZ University College of Engineering & Technology
NISHTAR MEDICAL COLLEGE

Muzaffarabad

AZAD JAMMU & KASHMIR UNIVERSITY

Nawabshah

Peoples Medical College
Quaid-e-Awam University of Eng. and Tech.

Peshawar

Agriculture University Peshawar
CECOS University
Gandhara University
KHYBER MEDICAL COLLEGE
Sarhad University

Quetta

Balochistan University of Info. Tech.& Mang. Sci
Bolan Medical College
Site Engineer (03)
test
The Command and Staff College
University of Balochistan

Rahim Yar Khan

SHEIKH ZAYED MEDICAL COLLEGE

RawalPindi

APCOMS
Army Medical College
Barani Institute of Information Technology
Fatima Jinnah Women University
Fauji Foundation College for Boys
Islamic International Medical College
NUST
Rawalpindi Medical College

Sargodha

University of Sargodha

Sudhnuti

Mohi-ud-Din Islamic University

Taxila

University of Engineering and Technology Taxila

Topi

GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences

Information Technology Pakistan

I.T Pakistan holds full capabilities to provide Internet and Intranet solutions for Enterprise Networking. We have complete solutions for Machines running on MS Windows environment. IT Pakistan services Provides base on internet services, web development, domain registration (We provide assistance to have individual domains for corporate / individual Internet servers under Top-level Pakistan PK and

with out PK Domains), hosting, networking solution. We have complete facilities to host static and Database websites.

The mission of the Information Technology Pakistan team is to ensure that our customers are successful in building, deploying, and migrating to Information Technology needs. We support that mission with a diverse team of business and technical experts ready to help you define your business objectives, design a dynamic Business to Consumer / Business to Business solution and implement it timely and cost-effectively.

Contact us and let us visit you to show the different ways that your company can benefit from Information Technology. Our consultants conduct a detailed evaluation of your current business processes and the systems that support them. We help you leverage what you have to move towards the next generation.

Images of Pakistan Culture

Pakistani Culture

The society and culture of Pakistan  (Urdu: ثقافت پاکستان ) comprises numerous diverse cultures and ethnic groups: the Punjabis, Kashmiri and Sindhis in the east; the tribal cultures of the Baloch and Pashtun in the west; and the ancient Dardic and Tajik communities in the north. These Pakistani cultures have been greatly influenced by many of the surrounding countries' cultures, such as the Turkish, Persian, Afghan, and Indians of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East.

In ancient times, Pakistan was a major cultural hub. Many cultural practices and great monuments have been inherited from the time of the ancient rulers of the region. One of the greatest cultural influences was that of the Persian Empire, of which Pakistan was a part. In fact, the Pakistani satraps were at one time the richest and most productive of the massive Persian Empire. Other key influences include the Afghan Empire, and later, the short lived but influential Mughal Empire.

Pakistan has a cultural and ethnic background going back to the Indus Valley Civilization, which existed from 2800–1800 B.C., and was remarkable for its ordered cities, advanced sanitation, excellent roads, and uniquely structured society. Pakistan has been invaded many times in the past, and has been occupied and settled by many different peoples, each of whom have left their imprint on the current inhabitants of the country. Some of the largest groups were the 'Aryans', Greeks, Scythians, Persians, White Huns, Arabs, Turks, Mongols, Afghans, Buddhists and other Eurasian  groups, up to and including the British, who left in the late 1940s.

The region has formed a distinct cultural unit within the main cultural complex of South Asia, the Middle East and Central Asia from the earliest times, and is analogous to Turkey's position in Eurasia.[1] There are differences in culture among the different ethnic groups in matters such as dress, food, and religion, especially where pre-Islamic customs differ from Islamic practices. Their cultural origins also reveal influences from far afield, including Tibet, Nepal, India and eastern Afghanistan. All groups show varying degrees of influence from Persia, Turkestan and Hellenistic Greece. Pakistan was the first region of South Asia to receive the full impact of Islam and has developed a distinct Islamic identity, historically different from areas further west.[1]
Ancient sites in Pakistan include: Zorastrian Fire temples, Islamic centres, Sufi Shrines, Buddhist temples, Hindu  and Pagan temples and shrines, gardens, tombs, palaces, monuments, and Mughal and Indo-Saracenic buildings. Sculpture is dominated by Greco-Buddhist friezes, and crafts by ceramics, jewellery, silk goods and engraved woodwork and metalwork.

Pakistani society is largely multilingual, multi-ethnic and multicultural. Though cultures within the country differ to some extent, more similarities than differences can be found, as most Pakistanis are mainly of Aryan heritage or have coexisted side by side along the Indus River for several thousand years, or both. However, over 60 years of integration, a distinctive "Pakistani" culture has sprung up, especially in the urban areas where many of the diverse ethnic groups have coexisted and in many cases, intermarried. Education is highly regarded by members of every socio-economic stratum, with the country now having a literacy rate of 55%, up from 3% at the time of independence. Traditional family values are highly respected and considered sacred, although urban families increasingly form nuclear families, owing to socio-economic constraints imposed by the traditional culture of the extended family.

The past few decades have seen emergence of a middle class in cities such as Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Quetta, Faisalabad, Sukkur, Peshawar, Sialkot, Abbottabad and Multan. Rural areas of Pakistan are regarded as more conservative, and are dominated by regional tribal customs dating back hundreds if not thousands of years.

World Country Names

Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua & Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan B Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia & Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burma (Myanmar) Burundi C Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Congo, Democratic Republic of the Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic D Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic E Ecuador East Timor Egypt El Salvador England Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia F Fiji Finland France G Gabon Gambia, The Georgia Germany Ghana Great Britain Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana H Haiti Honduras Hungary I Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy J Jamaica Japan Jordan K Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, North Korea, South Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan L Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg

M Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar N Namibia Nauru Nepal The
Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Northern Ireland O Oman P Pakistan Palau Palestinian State* Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru The Philippines Poland Portugal Q Qatar R Romania Russia Rwanda S St. Kitts & Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent & The Grenadines Samoa San Marino São Tomé & Príncipe Saudi Arabia Scotland Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria T Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad & Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu U Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan V Vanuatu Vatican City (Holy See) Venezuela Vietnam W Western Sahara* Wales Y Yemen Z Zaire Zambia Zimbabwe See also: Territories, Colonies, & Dependencies

Economy of Pakistan

The economy of Pakistan is the 27th largest economy in the world in terms of purchasing power, and the 45th largest in absolute dollar terms.Pakistan has a semi-industrialized economy,[6][7][8] which mainly encompasses textiles, chemicals, food processing, agriculture and other industries. Growth poles of Pakistan's economy are situated along the Indus River,[8][9] diversified economies of Karachi and Punjab's urban centers, coexist with lesser developed areas in other parts of the country.[8] The economy has suffered in the past from decades of internal political disputes, a fast growing population, mixed levels of foreign investment, and a costly, ongoing confrontation with neighboring India. However, IMF-approved government policies[citation needed], bolstered by foreign investment and renewed access to global markets, have generated solid macroeconomic recovery the last decade. Substantial macroeconomic reforms since 2000, most notably at privatizing the banking sector have helped the economy.

GDP growth, spurred by gains in the industrial and service sectors, remained in the 6-8% range in 2004-06. Due to economic reforms in the year 2000 by the Musharraf government.[10] In 2005, the World Bank named Pakistan the top reformer in its region and in the top 10 reformers globally.[11] Islamabad has steadily raised development spending in recent years, including a 52% real increase in the budget allocation for development in FY07, a necessary step toward reversing the broad underdevelopment of its social sector. The fiscal deficit - the result of chronically low tax collection and increased spending, including reconstruction costs from the devastating Kashmir earthquake in 2005 was manageable.

Inflation remains the biggest threat to the economy, jumping to more than 9% in 2005 before easing to 7.9% in 2006. In 2008, following the surge in global petrol prices inflation in Pakistan has reached as high as 25.0%. The central bank is pursuing tighter monetary policy while trying to preserve growth. Foreign exchange reserves are bolstered by steady worker remittances, but a growing current account deficit - driven by a widening trade gap as import growth outstrips export expansion - could draw down reserves and dampen GDP growth in the medium term.

Nuclear power in Pakistan

Pakistan is the 7th nuclear weapon state and nuclear power. As of 2009, the nuclear power plants make up to 2.4% share where the electricity made by fossil fuel are 65.2 % and 33.9% of it from the Hydro power. Pakistan is one of 3 Nuclear armed states( Israel and India ) that is not a member of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty [1] [2] [3].Furthermore Pakistan has two nuclear reactors of 425 MW power to generate electricity. The third nuclear reactor will be operation in the spring of 2010

In Pakistan, nuclear power makes a small contribution to total energy production and requirements, supplying only 2.34% of the country's electricity. Total generating capacity is 20 GWe and in 2006, 98 billion kWh gross was produced, 37% of it from gas, 29% from oil. The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) is responsible for all nuclear energy and research applications in the country

Pak Ind Kargil War

The Kargil War (Urdu: جنگ کارگیل karagil jang, Hindi: करगिल युद्ध karagil yuddh), also known as the Kargil conflict,[note (I)] was an armed conflict between India and Pakistan that took place between May and July 1999 in the Kargil district of Kashmir and elsewhere along the Line of Control (LOC). The cause of the war was the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers and Kashmiri militants into positions on the Indian side of the LOC,[9] which serves as the de facto border between the two states. During the initial stages of the war, Pakistan blamed the fighting entirely on independent Kashmiri insurgents, but documents left behind by casualties and later statements by Pakistan's Prime Minister and Chief of Army Staff showed involvement of Pakistani paramilitary forces,[10][11][12] led by General Ashraf Rashid.[13] The Indian Army, later on supported by the Indian Air Force, recaptured a majority of the positions on the Indian side of the LoC infiltrated by the Pakistani troops and militants. With international diplomatic opposition, the Pakistani forces were forced to withdraw from remaining Indian positions along the LOC

The war is one of the most recent examples of high altitude warfare in mountainous terrain, which posed significant logistical problems for the combating sides. This was only the second direct ground war between any two countries after they had developed nuclear weapons; it is also the most recent. (India and Pakistan both test-detonated fission devices in May 1998, though the first Indian nuclear test was conducted in 1974.) The conflict led to heightened tension between the two nations and increased defence spending by India.

PAK VS INDIA WAR 1971

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a military conflict between India and Pakistan. Indian, Bangladeshi & International sources consider the beginning of the war to be Operation Chengiz Khan, Pakistan's December 3, 1971 pre-emptive strike on 11 Indian airbases.[8][9] Lasting just 13 days it is considered one of the shortest wars in history.[10][11] However, Pakistan considers it to be a part of the overall Bangladesh Liberation War, in which India had been providing direct financial and military support for the Mukti Bahini Bengali operatives.[citation needed]

During the course of the war, Indian and Pakistani forces clashed on the eastern and western fronts. The war effectively came to an end after the Eastern Command of the Pakistan Military signed the Instrument of Surrender on December 16, 1971 following which East Pakistan seceded as the independent state of Bangladesh. Around 97,368 West Pakistanis who were in East Pakistan at the time of its independence, including some 79,700 Pakistan Army soldiers and paramilitary personnel[12] and 12,500 civilians[12], were taken as prisoners of war by India.

PAK VS INDIA WAR 1965

The Ind-Pak War of 1965 was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between India and Pakistan. This conflict became known as the Second Kashmir War fought by India and Pakistan over the disputed region of Kashmir, the first having been fought in 1947. The war began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against rule by India. The five-week war caused thousands of casualties on both sides. It ended in a United Nations (UN) mandated ceasefire and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration.

Much of the war was fought by the countries' land forces in Kashmir and along the International Border between India and Pakistan. This war saw the largest amassing of troops in Kashmir since the Partition of British India in 1947, a number that was overshadowed only during the 2001–2002 military standoff between India and Pakistan. Most of the battles were fought by opposing infantry and armored units, with substantial backing from air forces, and naval operations. Many details of this war, like those of other Indo-Pakistani Wars, remain unclear.

The separation of East Pakistan

The separation of East Pakistan was a great setback to Pakistan. By 1970, sentiments for national unity had weakened in East Pakistan to the extent that constant conflict between the two Wings dramatically erupted into mass civil disorder. This tragically resulted in the brutal and violent amputation of Pakistan's Eastern Wing.

The physical separation of a thousand miles between the two wings without a common border, and being surrounded by Indian territory and influences, led to constant political, economic and social conflicts between the two wings; embittering relations bringing the country on the verge of collapse.
As a result of the separation of its Eastern Wing, Pakistan's international credit was depleted and the military, being its most powerful institution, suffered a lot. To some, the very concept of Pakistan as the homeland for the Muslims in Southeast Asia no longer appeared valid.
Trouble started right at the inception of Pakistan in 1947. Almost immediately, East Pakistan claimed that as their population (55 percent as compared to 45 percent in the West) was greater, they were in a majority. Democratically, the Federal Capital, therefore, should have been in Dhaka and not in Karachi.
Since Karachi was the seat of the National Government; ministers, government officials and industrialists exerted immense influence on national and regional affairs, which brought them many benefits. But the East Pakistanis were unable to extract the same kind of advantages, as they were a thousand miles away from the Capital. Moreover, the Capital initially attracted wealthy industrialists, businessmen, administrators, doctors and other professionals who had fled from India.

Facts & Figures

Facts & Figures


Map of Pakistan
President: Asif Ali Zardari (2008)
Prime minister: Yousaf Raza Gilani (2008)

Land area: 300,664 sq mi (778,720 sq km); total area: 310,401 sq mi (803,940 sq km)1
Population (2009 est.): 176,242,949 (growth rate: 1.9%); birth rate: 27.6/1000; infant mortality rate: 65.1/1000; life expectancy: 64.5; density per sq mi: 215
Capital (2003 est.): Islamabad, 601,600
Largest cities: Karachi, 11,819,000 (metro area), 9,339,023 (city proper); Lahore, 5,756,100; Faisalabad (Lyallpur), 2,247,700; Rawalpindi, 1,598,600; Gujranwala, 1,384,100
Monetary unit: Pakistan rupee

Pakistan was one of the Two Original Successor States to British India

Pakistan was one of the two original successor states to British India, which was partitioned along religious lines in 1947. For almost 25 years following independence, it consisted of two separate regions, East and West Pakistan, but now it is made up only of the western sector. Both India and Pakistan have laid claim to the Kashmir region; this territorial dispute led to war in 1949, 1965, 1971, 1999, and remains unresolved still.

What is now Pakistan was in prehistoric times the Indus Valley civilization (c. 2500–1700 BC ). A series of invaders—Aryans, Persians, Greeks, Arabs, Turks, and others—controlled the region for the next several thousand years. Islam, the principal religion, was introduced in 711. In 1526, the land became part of the Mogul Empire, which ruled most of the Indian subcontinent from the 16th to the mid-18th century. By 1857, the British became the dominant power in the region. With Hindus holding most of the economic, social, and political advantages, the Muslim minority's dissatisfaction grew, leading to the formation of the nationalist Muslim League in 1906 by Mohammed Ali Jinnah (1876–1949). The league supported Britain in the Second World War while the Hindu nationalist leaders, Nehru and Gandhi, refused. In return for the league's support of Britain, Jinnah expected British backing for Muslim autonomy. Britain agreed to the formation of Pakistan as a separate dominion within the Commonwealth in Aug. 1947, a bitter disappointment to India's dream of a unified subcontinent. Jinnah became governor-general. The partition of Pakistan and India along religious lines resulted in the largest migration in human history, with 17 million people fleeing across the borders in both directions to escape the accompanying sectarian violence.

Government

Military rule was instituted in Oct. 1999; a nominal democracy was declared in June 2001 by the ruling military leader, Pervez Musharraf.

Topography

Pakistan is situated in the western part of the Indian subcontinent, with Afghanistan and Iran on the west, India on the east, and the Arabian Sea on the south. The name Pakistan is derived from the Urdu words Pak (meaning pure) and stan (meaning country). It is nearly twice the size of California.

The northern and western highlands of Pakistan contain the towering Karakoram and Pamir mountain ranges, which include some of the world's highest peaks: K2 (28,250 ft; 8,611 m) and Nanga Parbat (26,660 ft; 8,126 m). The Baluchistan Plateau lies to the west, and the Thar Desert and an expanse of alluvial plains, the Punjab and Sind, lie to the east. The 1,000-mile-long (1,609 km) Indus River and its tributaries flow through the country from the Kashmir region to the Arabian Sea.

Pak Brief History

Pak Brief History
Pre-Partition

The British ruled the Indian subcontinent for nearly 200 years
from 1756 to 1947.After a revolt between 1857 and 1859, the British initiated political reforms, allowing the formation of political parties. The Indian National Congress, representing the overwhelming majority of Hindus, was created in 1885. The Muslim League was formed in 1906 to represent the Muslim minority. When the British introduced constitutional reforms in 1909, the Muslims demanded and acquired separate electoral rolls. This guaranteed Muslims representation in the provincial as well as the national legislatures until independence was granted in 1947.

By 1940, however, the Muslim League had resolved to seek the partitioning of the subcontinent and the creation of a separate Muslim state Pakistan. During pre-independence talks in 1946, therefore, the British government found that the stand of the Muslim League on separation and that of the Congress on the territorial unity of India were irreconcilable. The British then decided on partition and on August 14, 1947, transferred power to Pakistan. India gained its independence the next day. Pakistan came into existence in two parts: West Pakistan, coextensive with the country's present boundaries, and East Pakistan, now known as Bangladesh. The two were separated by 1,600 km (1,000 mi) of Indian Territory


Problems After Division
The division of the subcontinent caused tremendous dislocation of populations. Some 3.5 million Hindus and Sikhs moved from Pakistan into India, and about 5 million Muslims migrated from India to Pakistan. The demographic shift caused an initial bitterness between the two countries that was further intensified by each country's accession of a portion of the princely states. Nearly all of these 562 widely scattered polities joined either India or Pakistan; the princes of Hyderabad, Junagadh, and Kashmir, however, chose not to join either country.