Allama Iqbal's Hostory

Allama Iqbal, great poet-philosopher and active political leader, was born at Sialkot, Punjab, in 1877. He descended from a family of Kashmiri Brahmins, who had embraced Islam about 300 years earlier.

Iqbal received his early education in the traditional maktab. Later he joined the Sialkot Mission School, from where he passed his matriculation examination. In 1897, he obtained his Bachelor of Arts Degree from Government College, Lahore. Two years later, he secured his Masters Degree and was appointed in the Oriental College, Lahore, as a lecturer of history, philosophy and English. He later proceeded to Europe for higher studies. Having obtained a degree at Cambridge, he secured his doctorate at Munich and finally qualified as a barrister.

He returned to India in 1908. Besides teaching and practicing law, Iqbal continued to write poetry. He resigned from government service in 1911 and took up the task of propagating individual thinking among the Muslims through his poetry.

By 1928, his reputation as a great Muslim philosopher was solidly established and he was invited to deliver lectures at Hyderabad, Aligarh and Madras. These series of lectures were later published as a book "The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam". In 1930, Iqbal was invited to preside over the open session of the Muslim League at Allahabad. In his historic Allahabad Address, Iqbal visualized an independent and sovereign state for the Muslims of North-Western India. In 1932, Iqbal came to England as a Muslim delegate to the Third Round Table Conference.

In later years, when the Quaid had left India and was residing in England, Allama Iqbal wrote to him conveying to him his personal views on political problems and state of affairs of the Indian Muslims, and also persuading him to come back. These letters are dated from June 1936 to November 1937. This series of correspondence is now a part of important historic documents concerning Pakistan's struggle for freedom.

On April 21, 1938, the great Muslim poet-philosopher and champion of the Muslim cause, passed away. He lies buried next to the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore.

Muhammad bin Qasim

Muhammad bin Qasim was orphaned as a child and thus the responsibility of his upbringing fell upon his mother. She supervised his religious instruction herself, and hired different teachers for his worldly education. It was the uncle, Hajjaj bin Yousaf, who taught him the art of governing and warfare.

Qasim was an intelligent and cultured young man who at the age of fifteen was considered by many to be one of his uncle's greatest assets. As a show of faith in his nephew's abilities, Hajjaj married his daughter to Qasim. At the age of sixteen, he was asked to serve under the great general, Qutayba bin Muslim. Under his command Muhammad bin Qasim displayed a talent for skilful fighting and military planning. Hajjaj's complete trust in Qasim's abilities as a general became even more apparent when he appointed the young man as the commander of the all-important invasion on Sindh, when he was only seventeen years old. Muhammad bin Qasim proved Hajjaj right when he, without many problems, managed to win all his military campaigns. He used both his mind and military skills in capturing places like Daibul, Raor, Uch and Multan. History does not boast of many other commanders who managed such a great victory at such a young age

  Besides being a great general, Muhammad bin Qasim was also an excellent administrator. He established peace and order as well as a good administrative structure in the areas he conquered. He was a kind hearted and religious person. He had great respect for other religions. Hindu and Buddhist spiritual leaders were given stipends during his rule. The poor people of the land were greatly impressed by his policies and a number of them embraced Islam. Those who stuck to their old religions erected statues in his honor and started worshiping him after his departure from their land.

Muhammad bin Qasim was known for his obedience to the ruler. Walid bin Abdul Malik died and was succeeded by his younger brother Suleman as the Caliph. Suleman was an enemy of Hajjaj and thus ordered Qasim back to the kingdom. Qasim knew of the animosity between the two. He was aware that due to this enmity, he would not be well treated. He could have easily refused to obey the Caliph's orders and declare his independence in Sindh. Yet he was of the view that obeying ones ruler is the duty of a general and thus he decided to go back to the center. Here he became a victim to party politics. He was put behind bars where he died at age of twenty. Many historians believe that had he been given a few more years, he would have conquered the entire South Asian region.

Pakistan's Relation with Foreign

Pakistan  is the second largest Muslim country in terms of population (after Indonesia), and its status as a declared nuclear power, being the only Islamic nation to have that status, plays a part in its international role. Pakistan is also an important member of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC).

Pakistan is an active member of the United Nations. Historically, its foreign policy has encompassed difficult relations with the Republic of India; especially on the core-issue of Kashmir, over which it has fought two wars. However it has had long-standing close relations with its other neighbors Afghanistan, Iran and China, extensive security and economic interests in the Persian Gulf and wide-ranging bilateral relations with the United States and other Western countries.

Wary of Soviet expansion, Pakistan had strong relations with both the United States of America and the People's Republic of China during much of the Cold War. Today, the two countries remain Pakistan's closest allies.

It was a member of the CENTO and SEATO military alliances. Its alliance with the United States was especially close after the Soviets invaded the neighboring country of Afghanistan. In 1964, Pakistan signed the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) Pact with Turkey and Iran, when all three countries were closely allied with the U.S., and as neighbors of the Soviet Union, wary of perceived Soviet expansionism. To this day, Pakistan has a close relationship with Turkey. RCD became defunct after the Iranian Revolution, and a Pakistani-Turkish initiative led to the founding of the Economic Cooperation Organisation (ECO) in 1985. For several years prior to the staged November 2008 Mumbai attacks, Pakistan's relations with India had been gradually improving, which opened up Pakistan's foreign policy to issues beyond security. An increasingly important actor on the world scene, Pakistan formed the "Friend of Pakistan" group which includes important countries such as Australia, Britain, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the United States, the United Nations and European Union.

World's Richest Men (Top 10) 2010

         World's Richest Man 

Carlos Slim Helú  (born January 28, 1940 in Mexico City) is Latin America's richest man ( # 1 in the World) according to Forbes. His wealth comes from his businesses in the communications industry, Teléfonos de México, Altria Group (Previously Philip Morris, Director), Telcel and América Móvil telecommunication companies. Though he maintains an active involvement in his companies, his three sons Carlos, Marco Antonio and Patrick Slim Domit head them.

 

 

 

Fortune           Business                  Country      Status
53.5 Billion     Communications       Mexico      Widowed, 6 children

    His father was Julián Slim Haddad

(Yusef Salim Haddad), a Lebanese Maronite Christian, who as a teenager fled to Mexico in 1902, escaping the harsh military rule of the Ottoman Turks. His father and two of his older brothers arrived at the Mexican port of Tampico, making their way to Mexico City.

  

In 1911, Julian established a dry goods store called La Estrella del Oriente and took a gamble and bought up some prime real estate in the city core - a shrewd move, as it turned out.

Slim Haddad married Linda Helu, daughter of another prosperous Lebanese merchant, and had six children. Carlos Slim Helu was the fifth of the six children. Carlos credits his father as his mentor in business, retailing and finance. Julian Slim Haddad died in 1952, leaving his family a moderately prosperous economic base from which Carlos launched his successful financial career

World's # 2 Richest Man 

 William Henry "Bill" Gates III  (born October 28, 1955) is the co-founder, chairman, and chief software architect of Microsoft Corporation, the world's largest computer software company. According to Forbes magazine, Gates is the world's wealthiest person, with a net worth of approximately US$58 billion, as of 2008.Gates is one of the best-known entre-preneurs of the personal computer revolution and has become an iconic figure of late-20th century capitalism. While widely respected for his intelligence, foresight, and ambition, he is also sometimes accused of using ruthless, illegal or monopolistic business practices.Fortune

 

 

Fortune           Business         Country                Status
$ 53 Billion     Microsoft        U.S.A                   Married 3 Children

Since amassing his fortune, Gates has pursued a number of philanthropic endeavours, donating huge amounts of money to various charitable organizations and scientific research programs through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, founded in 2000. He, along with his wife Melinda Gates and U2's lead singer Bono, were named by Time as the 2005 Persons of the Year. That same year he was given the honour of Knight Commander of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth


World's # 3 Richest Man 

Warren Edward Buffett (born August 30, 1930) is a wealthy American investor and businessman. Nicknamed the "Oracle of Omaha", Buffett has amassed an enormous fortune from astute investments, particularly through his company Berkshire Hathaway, in which he holds a greater than 31% stake. With an estimated current net worth of $62 billion, he is ranked by Forbes as the richest person in the world, replacing Microsoft chairman Bill Gates from his top spot after 13 years

 

Fortune           Business           Country        Status

$47 Billion      Investments       U.S.A         Widowed,

                                                                     Remarried,3children

After receiving the only A+ Benjamin Graham ever handed out to his security analysis class, Buffett wanted to work at Graham-Newman but was turned down. He went to work at his father's brokerage as a salesman. A stock he pushed was GEICO. 

Buffett picked GEICO after noticing Graham was a director and had a large position in it. Never one to buy a stock on a whim, Buffett visited GEICO's head office on a weekend to investigate further.

He knocked until someone opened the door, he was led to the future president of GEICO. Buffett introduced himself as Graham's student and was given a crash course on the insurance business and what gave GEICO an enduring advantage over their competitors. Buffett was exposed to the economics of selling direct, the wonderful float GEICO produces, its low combined ratio and the likes. 




World's # 4 Richest Man

Mukesh Ambani is the chairman, managing director and the largest shareholder of Reliance Industries, India's largest private sector company and a Fortune 500 Company. His personal stake in Reliance Industries is 48%. His wealth is US$ 43 billion as of March 2007, making him the world's 5th richest person and the second richest person in India. Mukesh and younger brother Anil are sons of the late founder of Reliance Industries, Dhirubhai Ambani.

 

Fortune           Business                Country            Status

$29 Billion      Manufacturing       India                 Married . 3 Children

Mukesh holds a Bachelor of Chemical Engineering from the University of Mumbai Department of Chemical Technology (UDCT), which is now known as University of Mumbai, Institute of Chemical Technology (UICT). He began the MBA program at Stanford Business School, but failed to finish. He dropped out after his first year in order assist in father's ongoing efforts to build the Patalganga petrochemical plant..
Mukesh Ambani has set up the largest and most complex information and communications technology initiative in the world in the form of Reliance Infocomm Limited. Covering more than 1,100 towns and cities across India, Reliance Infocomm offers the full range of voice, data, video and value added services, on the strength of 80,000 kilometers of optic fibre-based terabit infrastructure, at the lowest entry cost and services cost anywhere in the world. However, Reliance Infocom now is under ADAG (Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group) post the brothers' split

World's # 5 Richest Man

 Lakshmi Narayan Mittal (also known as Lakshmi Niwas Mittal) is a billionaire industrialist, born on 15 June 1950 in Sadulpur, in Churu district of Rajasthan, India, and currently residing in Kensington Palace Gardens, London, UK. He is currently the 5th richest man in the world according to Forbes Rich List, with a worth of $28.7 billion, and is the richest person in Britain. Lakshmi Mittal is also the richest man in the world who does not reside in the U.S. or carry U.S. Citizenship. He is a Citizen of India.

Fortune               Business                       Country             Status

$28.7 Billion      Steel manufacturing       India                 Married . 2 Children

He is chairman and CEO of the Mittal Steel Company NV, which is the world's largest producer of steel. He was the Fortune European Businessman of the Year for 2004. In 2002 he was embroiled in a political scandal dubbed Mittalgate  with British Prime Minister Tony Blair when it was felt that a donation Mittal had made to the United Kingdom Labour Party had led to Blair's intervention (a letter to the Romanian prime minister) in a business deal favouring Mittal. On July 13, 2005 it was announced that he had donated £2 million to the Labour Party. 

He is the wealthiest person in Britain according to the Sunday Times Rich List 2005. His residence in Kensington, bought in 2003 for £70 million ($128 million) from Formula One car racing boss Bernie Ecclestone, is the most expensive house ever purchased. It is situated in an area known as Billionaire's Row, which is too exclusive for just millionaires. Many people know this residence as the "Taj Mittal". He paid over $60 million to host his daughter's wedding celebration in Versailles in 2004. It is now the most expensive wedding in the world

World's # 6 Richest Man

Lawrence Joseph Ellison (born August 17, 1944) is the co-founder and CEO of Oracle Corporation, a major database software firm. Ellison was born in New York City to Florence Spellman, a 19-year-old unwed mother who later placed her nine-month old son for adoption to her distant relatives. Lillian and Louis Ellison took him into their home, a two-bedroom apartment located in a modest lower middle class Jewish neighborhood in South Chicago.

 

 

 

Fortune           Business           Country             Status

$28Billion      Software             U.S.A               Married . 2 Children

Ellison recalled to an interviewer that he had a warm and loving mother opposite to an austere and unsupportive father. At South Shore High School, he was a bright but inattentive student. At 15, he began a long-term relationship that lasted for five years and ended sorely - depending on whom is asked, he unsuccessfully proposed marriage either once or twice. He lasted until the end of his sophomore year at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign but dropped out following Lillian's death. After a summer in Northen California, he returned home to study at the University of Chicago but left after one quarter. Ending his attempts to finish college, he set out for California

In 1990, Oracle laid off 10 percent of the work force because of the mismatch between cash and revenues. The crisis which almost caused Oracle's bankruptcy came about because of the tactics used by Oracle's sales force. The salespeople subscribed to an 'up-front' sales strategy, in which they tried to incent customers to buy the biggest amounts of software all at once. However, the customers were delivered software that didn't work and promised "vapor ware" that didn't exist. Oracle had to restate earnings twice due to these tactics and the company would later settle class-action lawsuits that had been filed because of its flawed financial statements. Larry
Ellison would later say his company made "an incredible business mistake.

 World's # 7 Richest Man

Bernard Arnault (born 5 March 1949) is a French businessman.

He is the 7th richest person in the world in March 2010 with a net worth of $27.5 billion US dollars, according to Forbes.

A native of Roubaix, Arnault owns 51% of LVMH (Louis Vuitton Moët Hennessy), which is also partly owned by Christian Dior. Arnault is the Chairman and CEO of both companies. He also owns Phillips, de Pury & Luxembourg, an art auction house.

Fortune                Business         Country          Status
$27.5 Billions       Varied            France            Married 5 Children

As of March 2007, Arnault owns a 47.5% majority[2] of LVMH (Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton), along with Christian Dior SA. Arnault is the Chairman and CEO of both companies.

His daughter Delphine Arnault is actively involved in the management of LVMH.

Arnault also owned the art auction house Phillips de Pury & Company from 1999 to 2003

World's # 8 Richest Man

Eike Batista (born 1957 in Brazil) is the son of the former Brazilian mining minister. He has vowed to become the world's richest man and may well become just that having added $19.5 billion to his wealth in a single year!

He began his assault on dominating the world's rich list by trading in gold and mining before moving on to resources and other services.

Fortune                Business         Country          Status
$27. Billions       Mining/Oli        Brazil            Divorced 2 Children

     

Two-thirds of his fortune comes from relatively new source, OGX, the oil-and-gas exploration company he founded in 2007 and took public a year later.

H was a onetime champion offshore powerboat racer and was formerly married to a former Playboy cover girl, Luma de Oliveira.

Batista provided significant financing to Rio de Janeiro's Olympic committee, thereby helping the city win its bid for 2016 Olympic Games.

World's # 9 Richest Man

Karl Hans Albrecht (born 1920 in Essen, Germany) is a German entrepreneur who founded the discount supermarket chain Aldi with his brother Theo.

His 6,500-store Aldi chain began as a single grocery in the Ruhr Valley run until the end of WWII by their mother. The formula: Customers would rather scuttle fancy decor and services in exchange for lower prices. 

Fortune                Business         Country          Status

$27. Billions         Retailing         Germany       Married,2 Children

Despite a flagging retail sector, Aldi's total sales in 2002 reached $49 billion - still just a fifth the size of Wal-Mart's sales. The arrangement had Karl manage the southern, more profitable half of Germany, while younger Theo minded the north. Karl has since retired, leaving the company in the hands of nonfamily members. (His two children do not work at Aldi.) Both brothers fiercely guard their privacy, though now and again information emerges. Word is Karl raises orchids and enjoys a round of golf on his own 27-hole course.

He served in the German Army during World War II.

World's # 10 Richest Man

 

Amancio Ortega Gaona (born March 28, 1936, Spain) is a fashion entrepreneur, Spain's richest man and in 2010 the 9th richest man in the world (Forbes) and the founder, with his then-wife Rosalia Mera, and chairman of the Inditex Group. He currently lives with his second wife in a discreet apartment building in the centre of A Coruña (Corunna).

Ortega arrived at La Coruña, Galicia, at age 14, due to the job of his father, railway worker.

Starting as a gofer in various shirt stores in A Coruña, Galicia, in 1963 he founded Confecciones Goa (his initials in reverse), which made bathrobes.

Fortune                Business         Country          Status

$25. Billions         Apparel           Spain             Married,3 Children

In 1975 he opened the first store in what would grow into the enormously popular chain of fashion stores called Zara. He is the majority shareholder of the Inditex group (Industrias de Diseño Textil Sociedad Anónima) which includes the brands Zara, Massimo Dutti, Oysho, Zara Home, Kiddy's Class, Tempe, Stradivarius, Pull and Bear/Often and Bershka and has more than 14,000 employees.

Ortega keeps a very low profile and there are practically no photographs of him (except from one photo published at the Inditex website). He refuses to wear a tie, and likes to dress in blue jeans. He is said to take a very active part in the production and design process in the company.

 

Pakistan's Top 10 Richest Person

1 - Mian Muhammad Mansha Yaha Pakistan

Ranking: 1, Worth: £1.25b ($2.5billion), Industry: Businessman

 2 - Asif Ali Zardari Pakistan

Ranking: 2, Worth: £900m ($1.8billion), Industry: Politics

3 - Sir Anwar Pervaiz UK

Ranking: 3, Worth: £750m ($1.5billion), Industry: Businessman

4- Nawaz Sharif & Shahbaz Sharif family Saudi Arabia/Pakistan

Ranking: 4, Worth: £700m ($1.4billion), Industry: Politics/Businessman

5 - Saddaruddin Hashwani Pakistan

Ranking: 5, Worth: £550m ($1.1billion), Industry: Businessman

6 - Nasir Schon & family U.A.E/Pakistan

Ranking: 6, (tied at 6) Worth: £500m ($1billion), Industry: Businessman

7 - Abdul Razzaq Yakoub & family U.A.E

Ranking: 6 (tied at 6), Worth: £500m ($1billion), Industry: Businessman

8 - Rafiq Habib & Rasheed Habib Pakistan

Ranking: 7, Worth: £450m ($900), Industry: Businessman

9 - Tariq Saigol & Nasim Saigol Pakistan

Ranking: 8, Worth: £425m ($850), Industry: Businessman

10 - Dewan Yousaf Farooqui Pakistan 

Ranking: 9 (tied at 9), Worth: £400m ($800), Industry: Businessma

History of India and Pakistan Relation..

History of India and Pakistan Relation..

Born out from the furnace of animosity, India and Pakistan, the twin brothers have a history of unique relations. There is much in common between Republic of India and Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The diplomatic relations developed soon after independence but these relations did not ensure good friendship. The blaming process started soon after the inception of Pakistan when during the world’s biggest mass migration both states were unable to provide security to minorities. At that time there were 680 princely states and their future was to be decided according to their own will. Junagadh and Kashmir are two of these states which are still a bone of contention between India and Pakistan. Junagadh was composed of 88% Hindu Majority with a Muslim ruler named Nawab Mahabat Khan. The ruler voted for Pakistan but India did not accept it on the plea of heavy Hindu majority. The other reason projected by India was that the state of Junagadh was encircled by Indian state and giving it to Pakistan would contradict the two nation theory. The stand of Pakistan was on the basis of the Muslim ruler and the maritime link of Pakistan with junagadh coastal line.
One the other hand, the ruler of Kashmir, Hair Singh, wanted to join India but the majority of Muslim population was in the favour of Pakistan. Maharaja Hair Singh made a “stand still agreement” with the Government of Pakistan. However, the rumoures spread in Pakistan that Mahraja Hari Singh was going to accede with India. The forces of Pakistan invaded in Kashmir in 1947 and Hari Singh asked India for help. Indian Armed forces violating the provision of their constitution entered into the jurisdiction of Kashmir. In 1957, Pakistan acquired Azad Kashmir and India captured state of Jammu and Kashmir. Both of these parts are being held by the same countries which occupied these states forcefully

See Latest Bollywood News
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Know about Life ExperienceIn 1965 India launched operation Meghdoot and captured 80% of Siachen Glacier. 1971 was a black year in the history of Pakistan as she lost its eastern wing as India intervened to favour Bengali people and seized the Qasim part. 90, 000 Pakistani soliders surrendered in Bangladesh. In July 1972 P.M India Gandhi and PM Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto met in Indian Hill station of Simla and signed an agreement to return 90, 000 Pak personnel, and that India would get its captured territory in the west. They also agreed that from then on, they would settle their disputes through peaceful bilateral negotiations. Eventually, the trade relation restarted in 1976 but the Afghan crisis of 1979 again disrupted the peaceful process started in 1976.
Pakistan supported Taliban and India favoured Soviet Union. India was also worried about US military aid to Pakistan, Pakistan’s purchase of arms from us and the advancement in her nuclear programme. The change in leadership brought a new era of relation between the two rivals. In Dec 1988 Benazir Bhutto Shaheed and Rajiv Gandhi resumed talks on different issues melding cultured exchange, civil aviation and not to attack each other nuclear facilities. At that time BB said.

    “Burry the Hatchet; we have had enough of it. Let’s start a new chapter. India has a new generation leadership. Rajiv & I belong to a new generation. We have some kinship. He father was assassinated and so was my father. He lost his brother and so have I we both can start from clean state.”

In 1997, high level talks were resumed after 3 years. Prime Minister of India and Pakistan met twice and foreign secretaries conducted 3 rounds of talks in which they identified 8 outstanding issues to focuss. These 8 issues were

   * Kashmir issue
   * Water crisis
   * Sir creek issue
   * Rann of kutch
   * MFN status
   * Siachen issue
   * State sponsored issue
   * Nuclear Deterrence

In September 1997 the talks broke down on structural issue where as in May 1998 the situation became harder because of nuclear experiment conducted by Pakistan. The environment further became deplorable when Indian Air lines Flight IC 814 was hijacked in 24 Dec 1999. The plan landed in Lahore for refuelling but the final destination was Kandhar, Afghanistan. Rivalry increased when attack was conducted on Indian parliament on Dec 2001. India blamed Jash-e-Mohammad for that act. The Samjhota express carnage of 18th February 2007 added fuel to fire. The series of blaming each other started again where as Pakistan tried to project cordial relations.

In Nov, 2008, a series of ten co-ordinated attacks were committed by terrorist which began across Mumbai which is the Indian financial capital and the largest city. The attack was started on 26 November 2008 and ended on 29 November 2008. In these attacks 173 people were killed including 35 foreigner where as 38 were wounded. India blamed Lashkar-e-Taiba  and gave evidences that weapon, candy wrappers, telephone sets and branded milk Packets used by the terrorists belonged to Pakistan. But it was also found that the terrorist were drunk as the Lashkar-e-Taiba elements did not drink, and were speaking Hyderabadi language. Additionally, Hermant Kurkure was the first man to be murdered in that attack. He was the man who was on the hit list of Indian Dons because he arrested General Parohit, who was the master mind of Samjhota Carnage. Another reason was that Obama Discussed to solve Kashmir issue to bring stability in the South Asian region. This attack was done to divert his attention. The lok sbha election could not be ignored as the current government needed the Pakistan card to flame the sentiments of Indian masses.
In spite of this deteriorated situation Pakistan did not give up to create friendly atmosphere. Currently, the government of India is not that much brutal. Recently Indian minister of state for external affairs said they were not worried about Pakistan purchasing of armaments but if these weapons will be used against India, they were ready to fight. In addition, Pakistan nukes were unsafe.
Bit recently the statement of Indian Army Chief Gen Deepak Kapoor regarding his army’s capacity to fight on two fronts, upset a lots of people in Pakistan. This also shows that there is a conflict of interest between Indian army and Indian Government.
India and Pakistan must work jointly to coeate a peaceful atmosphere. Sharing a long border with common geographic importance can increase to their worth if the joint venture is adopted

Pakistan-India Standoff (2001-2002)

The 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff was a military standoff  between India and Pakistan that resulted in the amassing of troops on either side of the International Border  (IB) and along the Line of Control (LoC) in the region of Kashmir. This was the second major military standoff between India and Pakistan following the successful detonation of nuclear devices by both countries in 1998 and the most recent standoff between the nuclear rivals. The other had been the Kargil War.

Offensive military build up was initiated by India in response to a militant attack on the Indian Parliament on December 13, 2001 during which fourteen people, including the five men who attacked the building, were killed. India claimed that the attacks were carried out by two Pakistan based militant groups fighting Indian rule in Kashmir, Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM), both of whom, were backed by Pakistan's Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) agency,[3]  a charge Pakistan denied. In the Western media, coverage of the standoff focused on the possibility of a nuclear war between the two countries and the implications of the potential conflict on the United States-led War on Terrorism. Tensions de-escalated following international diplomatic mediation which resulted in the October 2002 withdrawal of Indian[4]  and Pakistani troops[5]  from the International Border.

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